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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. Here’s an explanation of its core concepts with relatable examples!

1. Class

A class is a blueprint or template defining what an object should have.

Example: Imagine a blueprint of a house describing its size, rooms, and layout. It’s a guide to create actual houses.

class Car:
brand = "Toyota"
color = "Red"


2. Object

An object is a specific instance of a class.

Example: Using the house blueprint, you can build multiple houses. Each house is an object.

my_car = Car()
print(my_car.brand) # Output: Toyota


3. Encapsulation

Encapsulation hides an object’s details and provides access through methods.

Example: A TV remote allows you to change the channel without knowing how it works inside.

class BankAccount:
__balance = 0 # Private variable
def deposit(self, amount):
self.__balance += amount
def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
account = BankAccount()
account.deposit(100)
print(account.get_balance()) # Output: 100


4. Inheritance

Inheritance lets a class inherit properties and methods from another class.

Example: A smartphone inherits basic phone functionality and adds features like apps.

class Animal:
def sound(self):
return "Some sound"
class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self):
return "Bark"
my_pet = Dog()
print(my_pet.sound()) # Output: Bark


5. Polymorphism

Polymorphism means one method can work differently based on the object.

Example: A power button behaves differently for a TV or a computer.

class Bird:
def fly(self):
return "Flies high"
class Penguin(Bird):
def fly(self):
return "Can't fly, but swims"
birds = [Bird(), Penguin()]
for bird in birds:
print(bird.fly())


6. Abstraction

Abstraction hides complex details and shows only the essentials.

Example: Driving a car requires only a steering wheel and pedals, not knowledge of how the engine works.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass
class Rectangle(Shape):
return length * width
rect = Rectangle()
print(rect.area(5, 3)) # Output: 15


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